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Negative SEO Victim strikes back.You’ve been Google Bowled
You have a solid SEO strategy in place – you spend wisely on Google Ad Words, you’ve paid a firm to optimize your site. You even take the time to produce thoughtful, original blog posts with all of the right keywords. Imagine this – you get yourself to page 1 of Google Search, and everything is going perfectly until one day, without warning or any explanation – you drop to page 8. Your traffic plunges. Sales decline. Did Google announce another algorithm change? No. Your site has just been “Google Bowled.”
So while the world waits for further action from Google, I’m taking matters into my own hands – I’m offering a $10,000 reward for information leading to the identification of the individual(s) targeting LogoGarden.com with junk backlinks. Please email me at bowling@logogarden.com. I will provide details on how to collect the reward.
Black Hat link building – and Google’s swift response – has been widely chronicled. But beneath the surface, there lurks a darker practice that those outside of the SEO profession may know nothing about – there are those that deploy “junk backlinks” that trigger damaging reactions from Google search algorithms. Junk backlinks are really cheap. For pocket money anyone can buy more than enough backlinks to damage (or, with luck, destroy) a competitor online. Lots of companies sell junk backlinks. Some people like having junk backlinks on their sites; more power to ‘em.
A web professional named Terry coined the term “Google Bowling” in a thread on ThreadWatch.org. He wrote “It's clear on how to torch competitors. . . Maybe that will be the new version of Google SEO - not optimizing your site to get high in rankings, but. . .knock competitors out of your way and you rise by default. . . We could call it Google Bowling.”
Because Google is typically a step ahead of those seeking to game search results, it would seem that this has somehow slipped through the cracks. The company’s search algorithms enable anyone to easily “bowl” rules-abiding websites off page 1.
In June 2007, Forbes senior reporter Andy Greenberg published an article, “The Saboteurs of Search.” Greenberg explained:
Search engine optimizers can use software that generates thousands of links to their site, pushing its ranking artificially high. In response, Google and Yahoo!'s search algorithms now automatically punish sites that game their algorithms by pushing the offending pages deep into the unseen layers of search results.
. . . search marketers say it also makes possible a powerful form of negative SEO. Search marketers claim they can frame certain competitors as cheaters by posting thousands of links around the Web, making a competing site look like it's engaging in "link spamming," a tactic that draws the disfavor of major search engines. In SEO circles, this technique of setting up a competitor to be punished for link spamming is sometimes called "Google Bowling."
The same article quotes Google’s Matt Cutts (head of Google’s anti-web spam team) as saying:
"We try to be mindful of when a technique can be abused and make our algorithm robust against it," he says. "I won't go out on a limb and say it's impossible. But Google Bowling is much more inviting as an idea than it is in practice."
Unfortunately, it is the experience of many independent experts and of victims that this statement is not one that the junk link builders would agree with.
I should know. Because Google Bowling happened to me.
My company, LogoGarden.com, launched in the United States in July 2011. Gaining customers through natural search was an important part of our plan. Not the only part, but important. We invested heavily in developing website content that’s relevant to our flagship product, do-it-yourself logo design for startup businesses and entrepreneurs — ideal for millions of people who can’t afford graphic designers’ custom work. We also invested in making our webpages highly searchable for Google and other search engines.
For popular search terms like “logo design”, competition is fierce for a slot on Google’s page 1 of search results. Getting there takes patience, skill and investment. I had achieved this feat before, driving my previous DIY logo design company to the prized #1 spot among millions of Google search results for “logo design” and similar search terms. I’d done it working by Google’s rules, and was well rewarded.
LogoGarden.com was poised to reprise this performance. We applied the same play-clean, by-the-rules strategy. And with significant investment, it worked. Within a remarkable six months after US launch, LogoGarden.com reached Google page 3, then 2, and finally hovered at the 6th slot or above on page 1, a stunning achievement. We expected to climb “above the fold” on page 1 within a few months, gaining substantial traffic — people who want to create DIY logos and buy our products and upgrades.
Just a few months later, LogoGarden.com vanished from Google page 1. After intense analysis, our SEO firm ruled out all possibilities but one: SEO sabotage. Google Bowling. Overnight, we’d become invisible to the tens of thousands of people a day searching “logo design”.
To find some answers, I did what anyone would do. I Googled it.
What I found was Google’s official response, quoted in an article by David Harry on SearchEngineWatch.org. “Negative SEO: Looking for Answers from Google”
"Google works hard to prevent other webmasters from being able to harm your ranking or have your site removed from our index. If you’re concerned about another site linking to yours, we suggest contacting the webmaster of the site in question."
For those of us that have had our businesses negatively affected by Google looking the other way, this answer just isn’t enough.
Malicious SEO behavior must stop. Society needs to make Google Bowling as unacceptable as embezzlement and armed robbery. At least in the US, existing laws protect individuals and property from malicious intentional harm. Prosecutors and police should enforce these laws. SEO criminals should, in my opinion, do hard time.
Background:
1. As close as we can tell, the surge of AC rank of 0 links were built from October 2011 until the end of January 2012. They were almost all linking from the term “Logo Design”. Logo design is a trophy term for our space.
2. August, 2011 we paid for a story to be published in VentureBeat. It was my understanding that there would be no back links tied to the story. When the PR piece was published, there were three links back to LogoGarden.
3. We have had two professional SEO companies engaged. StoneTemple.com and SlingShotseo.com
a) Eric Enge of StoneTemple.com SEO: April 2011 through June 2011. StoneTemple assured me that they did not buy any links.
b) We did not have a SEO firm from June through November 2011. From November, 2011 through February 2012, we engaged the services of SlingShotSEO.com. SlingShotSEO.com came highly recommended by one of the principals of SEOMOZ.org. SlingShot assured me that they did not buy any links. In fact, in February when we lost our google rankings, SlingShot again verified that there were NO links being bought. However, SlingShot did say that their reports indicated that low ranking links being added to blogs that were not coming from them. I did request a list of links that SlingShot secured for LogoGarden. They would not supply the links because they said it was against their policy. I was not happy with this. As a side note, we were paying SlingShot $10,000.00/month and had a written agreement that they would use only white hat policies.
c) LogoGarden has never bought links or would work with a SEO firm that didn’t guarantee they would not buy links
4. One thing that I find highly suspicious is that during the time of the surge of AC 0 links, LogoGarden had a copyright issue with a handful of graphic designers in the US. When LogoGarden was made aware of the issue, we quickly rectified the issue. There were no copyright laws broken but as a company, we bent over backwards addressing the issue. Unfortunately this created some bad will. While we have no direct evidence who is behind this surge of low quality posts, we do have some suspicions.
Comment and share this article to send a clear message to the SEO bullies. Has your site been a Google Bowling victim?
| Posted By: John A. |
5:28 am May 29, 2012 |
Wait a sec...so you're saying it's illegal for a competitor (or whoever did this)
to pay to gain an advantage by playing by the rules set forth by Google?
Good luck with getting that to fly in court. That's like saying it's illegal for a
company to change its name to start with 3 A's just to get to the front of the
listings in a phone book. Those are the rules. That's the game. Spend your
time & money playing it better rather than pissing and moaning about
something you're wrong abou |
| |
| Posted By: John Williams, President, LogoGarden.com |
1:01 pm May 30, 2012 |
| The link building is not illegal. However, I if someone intentionally tries to harm your business it is a crime. If I throw a brick through your store window, that's a crime. Maybe I own a store up the street, or I'm a crank and just hate you. Doesn't matter, I act maliciously to damage your property, your business. Now what if I throw a brick through your online business, and do major damage? Guys have done hard time for maliciously damaging businesses, I think through denial-of-service attacks |
|
| Posted By: Stuart C |
5:11 am May 29, 2012 |
I can't help thinking that appearing on page 1 in just 6 months for such a
competitive term is extremely unusual.
Sometimes sites bounce around the rankings after entering the top fifty as
Google 'decides' what to do with them - particularly if the sites domain
authority has been artificially inflated. I've seen that happen before. Was the
white hat SEO really that effective in the first place? If it had taken 12 to 18
months to get to page 1 and then it disappeared then I would be |
| Posted By: Viktor Nagornyy |
4:42 am May 29, 2012 |
Continued.
1. During Jun-Nov, 2011 you got a ton of links from small websites &
blogs about logo theft.
2. Your website does not have much good content, just sample pages of
logos and a blog.
3. When Panda update took effect, #1 and #2 gave your site a double whammy and brought you down in search results.
There's really no content on this site to rank for "logo design", no wonder
you got slapped. You need fresh targeted content to show up #1,
frequently. Not just 45 blog posts wi |
| Posted By: Viktor Nagornyy |
4:34 am May 29, 2012 |
I would love to see examples of these negative links, just like Mark Hall.
I'll give your competition the benefit of the doubt, I don't think they would go as far as buying links to get rid
off someone from 1st page.
But, I think what happened to LogoGarden has happened to other sites too during Panda update, where
legitimate sites got slapped as hard as bad websites.
There are 3 issues that contributed to your demise on Google.
Next comment. |
| Posted By: James B. |
4:29 am May 29, 2012 |
John, a paper trail may be non existent. Someone could have paid for a
fiverr gig based out of India through a throwaway paypal account funded
with a VCC. I just don't see how you are going to catch the culprit no matter
what size the reward.
On the other hand the reward has gotten your post visibility which is a good
thing. BTW, with the money you are paying for SEO you should be entitled to
detailed link reports. |
| Posted By: Nick Morris |
3:16 am May 29, 2012 |
Hi John, interesting strategy here, I hope it works out for you.
You keep mentioning in the comments that you have not bought links but I think you're missing the fact that the only way to be completely white hat is to create great content on your own site and tell people about it. Anything else is arguable black/grey hat. Most SEOs, even those recommended by SEOmoz, engage in some grey hat techniques because a purely white hat strategy is really hard. |
| Posted By: Patrick Curl |
4:45 pm May 28, 2012 |
I don't see necessarily how the Negative SEO could be considered a felony, I know of
no law stating that a person cannot purchase links, or that a person cannot place
links on websites that they have access to.
Also it is possible using certain software such as SENuke, Scrapebox, etc.. to
automatically link to your homepage from social networks and profiles and blogs thus
creating spammy links - without paying a dime in 'purchasing' the links - but still it will
get you banned. |
| |
| Posted By: John Williams, President, LogoGarden.com |
1:03 pm May 30, 2012 |
| Thanks for your comment/question. The link building is not illegal. However, I if someone intentionally tries to harm your business it is a crime. If I throw a brick through your store window, that's a crime. Maybe I own a store up the street, or I'm a crank and just hate you. Doesn't matter, I act maliciously to damage your property, your business. Now what if I throw a brick through your online business, and do major damage? Guys have done hard time for maliciously damaging businesses, I think |
|
| Posted By: Adam W. |
7:50 pm May 26, 2012 |
Sorry to hear about your current predicament John. However, I would like to
point out that a lot of people wrongly assume that they have been 'Google
bowled' when in fact the problem lies much closer to home.
Having looked at your backlink profile it is clear why you have suffered in
the latest update. I would be taking a long look at the SEO company who
declined to give you a list of the links they acquired for you. This is very
suspicious. Especially considering how much you were pa |
| Posted By: Bill Slawski9 |
7:50 pm May 26, 2012 |
Hi
Did you receive one of the messages that Google sent out regarding unnatural linking pointing to your site?
In the wayback machine, we can see that you had the phrase "logo design" on your home page at least 12 times. Now it's mentioned once in the footer of the page, Why should your site rank for the term?
What's going on with logogarden.co.uk, and with the experiment in your footer with the US and UK links? |
| |
| Posted By: John Williams, President, LogoGarden.com |
10:37 am May 31, 2012 |
Bill
Sorry for taking so long to respond. We did NOT receive a notification of unnatural linking.
Logogarden.co.uk was active for about a year before we started doing business in the US. We have since
shut down the UK site and redirected it to LogoGarden.com
When we discovered we had a penalty we retained a new SEO company to do an audit and determine if we
were violating Google guidelines. Based on the recommendation from ItsTheROI we elected to de-
optimize the homepage for th |
|
| Posted By: Alex |
9:08 am May 18, 2012 |
Hi curious as to -
"However, for someone to pay for links in an attempt to hurt your business is
illegal."
Genuinely interested, how is it illegal? Unethical (especially in light of
current changes), absolutely - but illegal? I suppose you could tenuously
bring the law in with regards to spam - but building links itself isn't illegal,
surely? I mean - that exact 'bad' sort of link building was a legit (albeit
crappy) strategy not so long ago. |
| |
| Posted By: John Williams, President, LogoGarden.com |
1:00 pm May 30, 2012 |
| Thanks for your comment/question. The link building is not illegal. However, I if someone intentionally tries to harm your business it is a crime. If I throw a brick through your store window, that's a crime. Maybe I own a store up the street, or I'm a crank and just hate you. Doesn't matter, I act maliciously to damage your property, your business. Now what if I throw a brick through your online business, and do major damage? Guys have done hard time for maliciously damaging businesses, I think |
|
| Posted By: SEOPirate |
12:41 am May 18, 2012 |
Holy Crap! For $10K per month I'll gladly beat the shit out of your top 10
competitors. We'll just build 20-30 million backlinks with EMATs (exact
match anchot text) per week to their sites and watch them slowly fade
away...linking to their internal pages will litter their entire ecosystem with
garbage...They won't be able to keep up with that much volume...they'll be
forced to switch domains. It'll be like watching a gloriously built sand castle
melt slowly away in a rising tide. VI |
| |
| Posted By: John Williams, President, LogoGarden.com |
12:52 pm May 30, 2012 |
| Yeah, $10K/month. And that was for three terms: Logo Design, Logo Maker and Logo Creator. SlingShotSEO.com was recommended by one of the principals of SEOMOZ.org. |
|
| Posted By: searchengineman |
11:36 am May 16, 2012 |
Your Post cries out that Google Webmaster Tools,
Needs to provide a solution for website owners, I don't know how
common your problem is out there...but there is a potential for abuse.
We should all be able to notify Google of any links from pages/domains,
that should be discounted and removed for the purposes of Page Rank to
my site.
Further more it would help site owners who for what ever reason decided
to buy spammy links, or used a deadbeat SEO, or were targeted.
Sea |
| |
| Posted By: John Williams, President, LogoGarden.com |
12:49 pm May 30, 2012 |
| Thanks for your post. I couldn't agree more! |
|
| Posted By: Ryan Clark |
10:13 am May 15, 2012 |
Taking a look at your link profile I wonder how many links you built yourself
targeting certain anchor text like logo design?
http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/logogarden-closes-2-million-
financing-from-fca-venture-partners-135876898.html
http://venturebeat.com/2011/08/11/2-0-technology-poised-to-disrupt-online-
logo-design-and-biz-card-space/
Just a thought here as Google might consider doing stuff like that unnatural
as you're choosing to push that anchor text. |
| Posted By: Ari |
8:35 am May 15, 2012 |
Thanks for the terrific article. Good question: what's legal vs illegal?
If I throw a brick through your store window, that's a crime. Maybe I own a
store up the street, or I'm a crank and just hate you. Doesn't matter, I act
maliciously to damage your property, your business.
Now what if I throw a brick through your online business, and do major
damage? Guys have done hard time for maliciously damaging businesses, I
think through denial-of-service attacks. Is Google bowling any diff |
| Posted By: Kieran Flanagan |
7:35 am May 15, 2012 |
Google should be devaluing these links. It makes no sense for them to just
penalize sites based on dodgy links as it opens up a can of worms. Google
will say if your site is trust worthy, has decent links etc, bad links won't affect
you, but this won't hold true for SMB's/Businesses that are not big brands.
The playing field is starting to become really uneven.
Ok, I was going to write more on this topic, but your char limit is really
annoying so I am going to stop there. |
| Posted By: Kieran Flanagan |
7:32 am May 15, 2012 |
The problem is, how can Google or anyone reading this definitely say if you
have been affected by a certain segment of links built to your site. For
example, how is Google to know if these links where built by you, your SEO
firm or your competitor. Maybe your SEO firm built links that you weren't
aware off in an effort to get quick wins, maybe your SEO firm built links it felt
were ok but Google does not or maybe your competitor did torch your site.
cont on next comment |
| |
| Posted By: John Williams, President, LogoGarden.com |
12:46 pm May 30, 2012 |
| Kieran, Thanks for your reply. Our SEO firm SlingshotSEO.com denies building any low level links... |
|
| Posted By: ScottB |
7:21 am May 15, 2012 |
| Sure it wasn't the blog comment spam (http://www.oldchildrensbooks.com/collectors-corner/what-are-collectible-childrens-books) or keyword heavy links in press releases (http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/consumer-products-retail-latest-news/logogarden-closes-2-million-financing-from-fca-venture-partners-135876898.html) or hiring a SEO company to spam forums (http://www.joomlart.com/forums/search.php?searchid=2960156) - all of which pre-date any hype about "Negative SEO"? |
| Posted By: dave |
2:57 am May 15, 2012 |
| who is your seo company? |
| |
| Posted By: John Williams, President, LogoGarden.com |
11:50 am May 30, 2012 |
| SlingshotSEO.com |
|
| Posted By: Danny Sullivan |
2:14 am May 15, 2012 |
So your SEO firm told you the only reason you plunged was because
negative SEO came out of nowhere and must be to blame?
Perhaps you could details a bit more about exactly what work they were
doing? What evidence they have about this happening? What links they
were seeing that must be to blame?
At the very least, some further evidence will help those who want to
investigate more. |
| |
| Posted By: John Williams, President, LogoGarden.com |
11:50 am May 30, 2012 |
Here's what SlingShotSEO said when I ask for a spread sheet of the links they posted vs the ones that they said they didn't post. In short, they refused to provide me with a list of the links they built.
"We (slingshotseo) have no control over the links that were created and posted, and no ability to change them after they are approved by web and forum admins. We’ve done these anchor text changing campaigns for clients that have lots of partners’ websites that are linking to them, but no |
|
| Posted By: Carson Ward |
1:35 am May 15, 2012 |
Hi John,
I'd be interested to know which links you believe were built by someone else.
What I see is a lot of aggressive anchor text, including forum posts and PR
work. Perhaps highlighting the links in question would make sure we're all
on the same page. |
| |
| Posted By: John Williams, President, LogoGarden.com |
11:49 am May 30, 2012 |
Here's what SlingShotSEO said when I ask for a spread sheet of the links they posted vs the ones that they said they didn't post. In short, they refused to provide me with a list of the links they built.
"We (slingshotseo) have no control over the links that were created and posted, and no ability to change them after they are approved by web and forum admins. We’ve done these anchor text changing campaigns for clients that have lots of partners’ websites that are linking to them, but no |
|
| Posted By: Thomas Frost - SEO-mand.dk |
11:45 pm May 14, 2012 |
We just need an option in GWT to turn off linkvalue from specific links, so we can tell Google the links are spam.
Lets say someone bombs me with links, I can just sort by date and delete/inactivate the spammy links to my site.
I know it takes time, but SEO takes time, right? Would that be a solution?
Thomas Frost - SEO-mand.dk |
| |
| Posted By: John Williams, President, LogoGarden.com |
11:36 am May 21, 2012 |
| Your suggestion does sound reasonable. There are close to 2,000 links that are spammy. Most of them do not have a way to contact the webmaster. |
|
| Posted By: Ben Cook |
11:07 pm May 14, 2012 |
John, you might want to consult a lawyer before declaring paying for links to anyone's site illegal.
Paying for links to your site is not in any way illegal. As you pointed out, Google goes to great lengths to prevent the links from harming your site so you would have a VERY difficult time proving that anyone had malicious intent, or even that they in fact are to blame for your site dropping in rankings.
It's just as likely you or your SEO company screwed up & are looking for a scapegoat. |
| |
| Posted By: John Williams, President, LogoGarden.com |
11:33 am May 21, 2012 |
I do not have a problem with the link farms. The person that i am after has paid to have my business damaged. A felony that carries jail time if the person is convicted. Somewhere there is a paper trail.
I do not believe that my seo firms screwed up. |
|
| Posted By: Jon Cooper |
10:47 pm May 14, 2012 |
Be wary about dishing out that kind of money, because anyone can come
out and say any of your competitors did it and can come up with a legitimate
story (if you even need one). Just saying.
I could easily make a case for any logo design site that's new to the first
couple pages and has some agressive/black hat strategies, and if I can do it,
no reason why some scummy guy (same type of guy who did the negative
SEO) wouldn't do the same. |
| |
| Posted By: John Williams, President, LogoGarden.com |
11:31 am May 21, 2012 |
| Hi Jon, I agree, it is a risk. My thought is that a link farm or multiple farms will have some documentation on the individual that paid for the black hat link building. I do not have a problem with the link farms, they operate a legitimate business and, in some case do add value to the SEO process. The person that i ma after has paid to have my business damaged. A felony that carries jail time if the person is convicted. Somewhere there is a paper trail. |
|
| Posted By: James Norquay |
8:31 pm May 14, 2012 |
The question is after I look at your current and historic link profile, did you or
the agency you worked with purchase site wide forum links or site wide
forum banners to the exact match term "logo design"?
The link profile for this website shows that many of these historic back links
have been built over a long period of time with exact match anchors.
Looking at the full link profile its something like 40-50% of the profile
targeting the anchor text "logo design". |
| |
| Posted By: John Williams, President, LogoGarden.com |
11:12 am May 21, 2012 |
| We did not have a SEO firm from June through November 2011. From November, 2011 through February 2012, we engaged the services of SlingShotSEO.com. SlingShotSEO.com came highly recommended by one of the principals of SEOMOZ.org. SlingShot assured me that they did not buy any links. In fact, in February when we lost our google rankings, SlingShot again verified that there were NO links being bought. However, SlingShot did say that their reports indicated that low ranking links being added to blog |
|
| Posted By: David K |
8:21 pm May 14, 2012 |
First, you like so many out there believe that Google owes you and your
business something... this is not true
You didn't really provide any evidence that shows you were "bowled."
An analysis of your anchor text variations shows the vast majority of them
are simply "logo design." almost 10 times the amount of your name...
logo garden. That's a pretty unnatural signal.
I suggest you research what the Penguin update was designed to do.. hit
sites with unnatural link profiles jus |
| |
| Posted By: John Williams, President, LogoGarden.com |
4:13 pm May 15, 2012 |
David, Thanks for your reply. Regarding "Google owes you and your
business something". I assure you that this is not the case here. We're spending $10K/mo with our SEO firm, approximately $1500/day on adwords. over $50k optimizing our site. All white hat.
I have added some info to the blog that provides the BACKGROUND. It's not my opinion, it's that of Slingshotseo.com's and other experts in the industry. I can tell you that we have not bought links. |
|
| Posted By: Joe |
8:13 pm May 14, 2012 |
Hi.. I hate to tell you this, and no, I'm not involved with any sort of Negative
SEO... but linking to someone's website is not illegal, and likely will never
be.
Regulating "who can link to who" on the Internet is a feat that in my
opinion, not even the Government dare consider.
Remember, Google made this algorithm and Negative SEO possible.
Before 2012, Negative SEO was never in the mainstream, and we were
all happily getting along.
Now that Google penalizes for links... wel |
| |
| Posted By: John Williams, President, LogoGarden.com |
9:17 pm May 14, 2012 |
| Joe, You are correct, linking to someone's website is not illegal. However, for someone to pay for links in an attempt to hurt your business is illegal. We have no problem with the blogs...just the individual that mad a malicious effort to harm our business by paying for low quality links. |
|
| Posted By: Mark Hall |
5:32 pm May 14, 2012 |
I'd be interested in seeing which links you are defining as negative SEO and which ones you have built.
When we're these links added? Are you certain it's not your SEO company trying to shift the blame? |
| Posted By: Luke S. |
6:06 pm May 13, 2012 |
Good for you! This whole bowling is really disappointing. You'd expect Google would
have thought things through a little better. |
| Posted By: Beau F |
11:35 am May 13, 2012 |
| Well, that's a lot of loot. I don't understand how you can justify a $10,000 reward, but i hope it smokes out the contemptible cowards that are damaging our industry! Thanks. |
| |
| Posted By: John Williams, President, LogoGarden.com |
12:50 pm May 13, 2012 |
| Hi Beau, Yes, that is a lot of Money. We've lost a substantial amount of traffic due to the bowling. That translates into income and market share. Stay tuned. |
|
| Posted By: Erin T. |
8:23 pm May 10, 2012 |
| Thank you soooo much for taking a stance. This is one of the best posts about this issue I have seen. I hope the people that are causing these problems are stopped ASAP and the search engines take notice of them. |
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LogoGarden.com founder and president John Williams, a leading logo design expert, literally wrote the book on brand standards for companies like Hewlett-Packard and Mitsubishi. An entrepreneur and former owner of award-winning studio Logic Design, John served as Entrepreneur.com's branding columnist for over 5 years and has written for the Kauffman Foundation's entrepreneurship.org. John's published articles include:

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